Roman Colonisation and Romaization
Colonisation
The earliest colonies of Roman citizens were small groups of 300 families at Ostia, Antium (mod. Anzio, 338 bc), and Tarracina (mod. Terracina, 329 bc. The view that such small communities were to serve as garrisons guarding the coasts of Italy, has been disputed and a more political ‘Romanizing’ or ‘urbanizing’ purpose envisaged. (See Roman Urbanism.) Coloni retained Roman citizenship because the early colonies were within Roman territory, and were too small to form an independent res publica; some colonies, such as those at Antium and Minturnae (295 bc), seem to be part of a double community, rapidly assimilated. Citizen colonies are distinct from Latin, which, though largely manned by Romans, were autonomous states established outside Roman territory and with acknowledged strategic aims.
About 177 bc the system of citizen colonies was reorganized. They were assimilated to Latin colonies, and the use of the latter to all appearances abandoned. Henceforth citizen colonies were large—2,000–5,000 men—and were employed for the same purpose as Latin colonies formerly. Generous allotments of land were given to the new colonies and their internal organization was changed also. They remained citizen colonies but received extensive powers of local government for their annual magistrates. Henceforth they were founded for social and political as much as for strategic reasons, either as emigration schemes for the landless or to provide for veteran soldiers. They could, as with the Sullan settlements in Etruria and Pompeii caused friction with the original inhabitants and gave rise to unrest
The first foundation outside Italy was at Carthage (122 bc). But extensive colonization outside Italy became regular only under Caesar and Octavian (the future Augustus), when, reflecting the change in the locus of political power, colonies began to adopt the names of their founders and benefactors as titles of honour (so Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, ad 50).To possess a Capitolium (temple of Jupiter) was important, and some colonies, Ariminum (268 bc and Augustan), Puteoli, Pisidian Antioch (25 bc), were miniature Romes.
Eastern colonization continued under Claudius and Vespasian Palestine, c. ad 70) but increasingly became a means of enhancing the status of existing cities (even though the concomitant privileges did not include exemption from tribute) rather than of finding homes for veterans. However, the evolution of constitutions in Italy was very gradual. Duoviri iure dicundo (‘two magistrates for interpreting the law’) appear under the republic only at Pompeii and Ostia
Romanisation
This term describes the processes by which indigenous peoples incorporated into the empire acquired cultural attributes which made them appear as Romans. Since the Romans had no single unitary culture but rather absorbed traits from others, including the conquered, the process was not a one-way passing of ideas and styles from Roman to indigene but rather an exchange which led to the metropolitan mix of styles which characterized the Roman world
Provincial centres like Tarraco in Spain and Lugdunum (Lyons) in Transalpine Gaul were created to promote loyalty to the state through the worship of Roman gods. Mass movements of soldiers brought goods and ideas to newly conquered areas, whilst the construction of new roads in their wake speeded communication and facilitated further cultural exchange. Trade both within and beyond the frontiers brought Roman culture to new peoples. Equally, conquered people themselves sought to acquire Roman goods and values to curry favour with their conquerors.In Gaul local aristocrats were obtaining Roman citizenship in the Julio-Claudian period, establishing for themselves a new status in relation to Rome and their own peoples.
