The Regicides
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| 13. || [[John Hutchinson (Colonel)|John Hutchinson]] || align="center" | Alive ||Imprisoned in [[Sandown Castle, Kent]] where he died on 11 September 1664. | | 13. || [[John Hutchinson (Colonel)|John Hutchinson]] || align="center" | Alive ||Imprisoned in [[Sandown Castle, Kent]] where he died on 11 September 1664. | ||
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− | | 14. || [[William Goffe]] || align="center" | Alive || Fled to America and died in 1679. | + | | 14. || [[person::William Goffe]] || align="center" | Alive || Fled to America and died in 1679. |
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| 15. || [[Thomas Pride]] || align="center" | Dead || [[Posthumous execution]] ordered but not carried out. | | 15. || [[Thomas Pride]] || align="center" | Dead || [[Posthumous execution]] ordered but not carried out. |
Revision as of 11:07, 26 December 2014
Introduction
The judge John Bradshaw who tried Charles I was the first to sign warrant followed by 58 others Oliver Cromwell was third signature. After republic failed and Charles II returned to England there was clamour for those who had been instrumental in bring Charles to court should be punished so that a line could be drawn under the interregnum
The chief prosecutor was Solicitor General Finch was out to make a name for himself in this most famous case.
Of the Eighteen or nineteen who had fled the country about a dozen were tracked down and assassinated. Twenty-nine remained to be tried. Some were puritan zealots such as Thomas Harrison (17). Atheists like Henry Martin 31 were republicans. Other prominent defendents included Hugh Peters, Daniel Axtel, John Cooke and John Downes.
Judge was royalist ? who lived a quiet life during Oliver Cromwell's reign. Judge addressed the accused at the start of the trial King can do know wrong so ?
Thomas Harrison son of Staffordshire butcher, zealot and ruthless soldier. He signed warrant because he felt Charles 1 was responsible for the bloodshed of the Civil War, especially for his actions that led to outbreak of the 2nd Civil War. It was Harrison who called Charles that man of blood. Belonged to the Fifth Monarchy Men. He pleaded Not Guilty arguing that Charles was executed by the will of Parliament and he did what he did out of conscience of the Lord and for the good of the Commonwealth. Found guilty by Thursday and executed 36 hours later (hanged drawn and quartered). Pepys said of Harrison.....
Hugh Peters – a firebrand American puritan preacher. Peters had fled to America during Charles 1st reign. He was famous for eve of battle sermons and was close to TC. Hugh Peters had visited Charles 1st before his trial in hope that Charles 1st would repent bur Charles 1st would not hear him. Peters was subdued during his trial but occasionally flashes of the old firebrand were glimpsed. Peters was a broken man but touched a nerve when he repeated that the Kings death was God’s judgment on Charles’ wicked reign. He denied he preached incitement to kill the King merely to see the errors of his ways.
Henry Martin was an atheist, Republican and womanizer who would rather command a quote “regiment of whores than a regiment of horse”. He argued that he was following the appointed Parliament. He suggested that many who were sitting in the court thought and believed many of the same things. He was no martyr and pleaded for clemency. He was jailed for life
John Cooke. He was a radical and clever lawyer. It was he who wrestled with how the King could be put on trial when the King was the representation of the law and could do no wrong and was above the law. Cooke was lead prosecutor in the trial of the King. The King would not recognize the court and if he would not plead he could not tried but his lack of a response Cooke argued was an admissions on guilt “Pro confesso” Cooke at his trial said that in retrospect because there was no plea therefore there was no trial. Cooke went on to say that he was merely doing his profession and paid a fee for such.
Daniel Axtel was in command of the guard that kept order in the Parliament. He was a grocer by profession and rose to prominence during the Civil Wars. He was one of a new breed of radical soldiers demanding new rights. His defence was similar to other regicides who argues that they were not acting out of malice but doing his duty. He was hanged drawn and quartered.
John Downes had first been elected during Charles’ 1 reign, He was a more prominent businessman than he was a parliamentarian. Although he signed the warrant he did try and plead the King’s case and argues that the other commissioners should offer the King another compromise. Although originally sentenced to death it was commuted to life in prison on account of him being intimidated by the other signers of the warrant, soldiers and the general ferment of the times.
It took just over a week to try all 29 regicides and all were found guilty 10 were executed and 19 died in jail. Some died in 6 years and some like Martin survived 19 years before he went mad and died. Just a few years later James III would be deposed by parliament and replaced by a Dutch prince and a new bill of rights.
Commissioners
In the order in which they signed the death warrant, the Commissioners were:
Name | At the Restoration in 1660 | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | John Bradshaw, President of the Court | Dead | Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. The body thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall (the building where the trial of Charles I had taken place).[1] |
2. | Lord Grey of Groby | Dead | Died in 1657. |
3. | Oliver Cromwell | Dead | Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. The body thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at the end of Westminster Hall (the building where the trial of Charles I had taken place).[1] |
4. | Edward Whalley | Alive | Fled to North America to avoid trial. Alive but in poor health in 1674, and probably did not live long afterwards. |
5. | Sir Michael Livesey, 1st Baronet | Alive | Fled to the Netherlands. |
6. | John Okey | Alive | Fled to Germany, but was arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir George Downing. He was tried, found guilty and hanged, drawn and quartered in 1662. |
7. | Sir John Danvers | Dead | Died in 1655. |
8. | Sir John Bourchier | Alive | Too ill to be tried and died soon after the Restoration in 1660. |
9. | Henry Ireton | Dead | Posthumous execution: disinterred, hanged at Tyburn and beheaded. The body thrown into a pit and the head placed on a spike at end the of Westminster Hall (the building where the trial of Charles I had taken place).[1] |
10. | Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 1st Baronet | Dead | Died 1655. |
11. | Sir Hardress Waller | Alive | Fled to France; later returned and was found guilty. Sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Died 1666 in prison on Jersey. |
12. | John Blakiston | Dead | Died 1649. |
13. | John Hutchinson | Alive | Imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent where he died on 11 September 1664. |
14. | William Goffe | Alive | Fled to America and died in 1679. |
15. | Thomas Pride | Dead | Posthumous execution ordered but not carried out. |
16. | Peter Temple | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in the Tower of London in 1663. |
17. | Thomas Harrison | Alive | First to be found guilty. Was hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Saturday 13 October 1660. He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists who still posed a threat to the restoration. |
18. | John Hewson | Alive | Fled to Amsterdam. Died 1662. |
19. | Henry Smith | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey. Died 1668. |
20. | Sir Peregrine Pelham | Dead | Died in 1650. |
21. | Richard Deane | Dead | Died in 1653. Disinterred. |
22. | Sir Robert Tichborne | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to death but was reprieved. He spent the rest of life imprisoned in the Tower of London Died 1682. |
23. | Humphrey Edwards | Dead | Died in 1658. |
24. | Daniel Blagrave | Alive | Fled to Aachen, in what is now Germany. Died 1668. |
25. | Owen Rowe | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment in the Tower of London where he died in December 1661. |
26. | William Purefoy | Dead | Died in 1659. |
27. | Adrian Scroope | Alive | Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. |
28. | James Temple | Alive | Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey. Died 17 February 1680.[2] |
29. | Augustine Garland | Alive | Brought to trial, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. |
30. | Edmund Ludlow | Alive | Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and then escaped to the Canton of Bern. Died 1692. |
31. | Henry Marten | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Chepstow Castle. Died 1680. |
32. | Vincent Potter | Alive | Brought to trial, he received the death sentence but died before its execution. Died either 1661 or 1662. |
33. | Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet | Dead | Died in 1655 — however his body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit after the Restoration. |
34. | Sir Richard Ingoldsby | Alive | Pardoned. Died 1685. |
35. | William Cawley | Alive | Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1667. |
36. | John Barkstead | Alive | Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing, extradited and executed in 1662. |
37. | Isaac Ewer | Dead | Died in 1650 or 1651. |
38. | John Dixwell | Alive | Believed dead in England; fled to America, where he died under an assumed name. Died 1689. |
39. | Valentine Walton | Alive | Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a regicide. Died 1661. |
40. | Simon Mayne | Alive | Tried and sentenced to death, he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard. |
41. | Thomas Horton | Dead | Family estates confiscated. Had died 1649. |
42. | John Jones Maesygarnedd | Alive | Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. |
43. | John Moore | Dead | In 1649, fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin, dying of a fever there in 1650. |
44. | Gilbert Millington | Alive | After Charles's death, remained member of Rump Parliament until Cromwell dissolved it. After the Restoration was himself arraigned and confessed to being "guilty in every way." Tried and sentenced to death, but sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Spent final years in Jersey and died in 1666. |
45. | George Fleetwood | Alive | Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London. He may have been transported to Tangier. Died 1672? |
46. | John Alured | Dead | Died in 1651. |
47. | Robert Lilburne | Alive | Tried Tuesday 16 October 1660, sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment. Died in prison in August 1665. |
48. | William Say | Alive | Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1666. |
49. | Anthony Stapley | Dead | Died in 1655. |
50. | Sir Gregory Norton, 1st Baronet | Dead | Died 1652. |
51. | Thomas Challoner | Alive | Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent. In 1661, he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands. |
52. | Thomas Wogan | Alive | Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands. |
53. | John Venn | Dead | Died in 1650. |
54. | Gregory Clement | Alive | Went into hiding, captured, tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. |
55. | John Downes | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1666. |
56. | Thomas Waite | Alive | Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1668. |
57. | Thomas Scot | Alive | Fled to Brussels, returned to England, was tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. Died unrepentant. |
58. | John Carew | Alive | Joined Fifth Monarchists. Tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Monday 15 October 1660. |
59. | Miles Corbet | Alive | Fled to the Netherlands; arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing; extradited; tried; found guilty; and was hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662. |
Cite error:
<ref>
tags exist, but no <references/>
tag was found
Person | John Bradshaw +, Charles I +, Oliver Cromwell +, Charles II +, Thomas Harrison +, Henry Martin +, Hugh Peters +, Daniel Axtel +, John Cooke +, John Downes +, James III +, William Goffe +, John Hewson + and Henry Marten + |
Quote | That man of blood + |